There are four major areas in which speech and language impairments occur:
(1) Articulation impairment is where the child produces sounds incorrectly or has difficulty making particular sounds. The sounds may be changed, added, left off, or distorted, which makes it hard for people to understand the child.
(2) Fluency disorder is when a child displays disruption in the rhythm and flow of speech. A stutter is a common fluency disorder in which sounds, syllables, and words are repeated, prolonged, or avoided.
(3) Voice disorder refers to an abnormal quality to pitch, resonance, or loudness in speech. People who have voice problems often notice changes in pitch, loss of voice, loss of endurance, and sometimes a sharp or dull pain connected with voice use.
(4) Language disorder describes an impaired ability to express needs, ideas, or information, and/or understand what others say. Improper use of words and their meaning, inability to express ideas, inappropriate grammatical patterns, reduced vocabulary, and inability to follow directions are all characteristics of language disorders.
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